16/06/1999 10:00:00 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The shallow water environment differs from deep water in a number of ways:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>There are no convergence zones<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The thermocline may be thinner and weaker, or non-existent<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The ocean floor presents a hard limit to diving depth<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Sonar performance is markedly reduced in terms of range and sensitivity<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean floor topography affects sensor performance<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The first three points need little explanation, however the last two will benefit from some more detail. Compared to deep water, the shallow water environment has a very high level of ambient noise from waves, currents, biological sources and increased marine traffic. In fact, in most shallow water environments, a submarine (particularly a diesel-electric submarine running on batteries) will be quieter than the surrounding environment. This is exacerbated by the fact that as sound waves reverberate off the surface, ocean floor and any other surface the strength of the sound decreases significantly. The multiple reverberations and high background noise drastically reduces the distance at which contacts can be detected with passive sonar in shallow water. This allows submarines to remain undetected at even very short ranges, but also allows for surface vessels to approach submarines undetected.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Shallow water also degrades active sonar performance. Reflections from the sea floor, rocks, wrecks and other clutter drastically reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, particularly in the low and middle frequencies. In tutorial 1.2 we saw that high frequency active sonar was not very effective at penetrating the thermocline; however in shallow water high frequency is the active sonar of choice for differentiating submarines from background clutter. Regardless of frequency, all active sonar suffers a significant degradation of performance in shallow water.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean topography is the final point of difference for shallow water operations. In deep water the ocean floor is beyond the operating depth of submarines (often by orders of magnitude) and is essentially irrelevant when it comes to ASW operations. In shallow water, the valleys and ranges of the ocean floor can be used to avoid detection by both active and passive sonar. Terrain masking using underwater topography is an extremely effective method of avoiding detection, as sound is not able to travel in a direct path to passive sensors, and no line-of-sight exists between the submarine and active sensors on the surface. The down-side is that the sensor performance of the submarine will also be reduced for the same reasons.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now, a friendly intelligence agent has spotted your target transiting the Bosphorus Straits. Plot a course toward your target and start time (spacebar) to continue.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:02 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>A common tactic that makes use of the shallow water environment is <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">bottom profiling.</I> This is when a submarine avoids detection by sitting motionless on the ocean floor. For a diesel submarine the reduction in battery consumption allows for very long submerged endurance, and the lack of noise generated by movement means the submarine is generally much quieter than the surrounding environment. For a nuclear submarine, these benefits don’t really apply (remember nuclear submarines can remain submerged indefinitely and are inherently noisier even when motionless due to essential reactor systems). <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Where both diesel and nuclear submarines benefit from bottom profiling is the drastically reduced chance of detection by active sonar. As mentioned previously, both low and medium frequency active sonar are not very effective in shallow water, and their chances of differentiating a submarine from the ocean floor are very poor. High frequency sonar poses more of a threat, but still suffers a drastic reduction in probability of detection.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>For bottom profiling to be effective, the submarine must be motionless. Any movement will increase the likelihood of detection drastically, particularly against high frequency sonar. A good submarine commander will decide on a suitable location (all the better if terrain masking is used) and get in place well before the target comes within sensor range. The submarine will then remain motionless and wait for the target to pass overhead, before manoeuvring into the targets baffles<FONT size=2>*</FONT> for a high-probability-of-kill torpedo shot.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT size=2>*Baffles is a term used to describe the relative dead-zone of sonar coverage behind a ship or submarine<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>Click ‘close and continue’ to continue.</SPAN></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:04 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Your instruction in ‘Basic Submarine Operations’ is now complete. Your mission is to sink the Turkish frigate transiting through the Aegean enroute to the Mediterranean. You will need to use the knowledge you have gained in the previous tutorials in order to accomplish this task; the target is a capable opponent, and will be significantly more aggressive than targets in prior tutorials. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Using the skills and knowledge you have accumulated so far, you will be able to destroy the target without being detected. If you ignore previous lessons, you are unlikely to survive. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The scenario will end once you have sunk the target and are safe from counter-attack by its carried helicopter. You have 6 hours, good luck.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 11:24:01 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 11:24:06 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 11:48:09 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 11:48:53 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 12:05:32 - [Greece] Can only rename one reference point at a time. Deselect all reference points but one.

16/06/1999 12:06:00 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 12:06:01 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 12:06:02 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 12:06:10 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 12:09:13 - [Greece] Submarine: S 110 Glavkos (S 110 Glavkos [Type 209-1100]) has been ordered to periscope depth or surface, but the doctrine has been configured to order the submarine to dive when threats are nearby. The submarine will now dive. To allow the sub to come to periscope depth or surface, change the Dive when threat is detected doctrine to No.

16/06/1999 12:09:13 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 12:09:13 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 12:57:27 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 13:10:50 - Switched side to: Turkey

16/06/1999 13:11:25 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 13:14:47 - Switched side to: Turkey

16/06/1999 13:15:00 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 13:17:41 - Switched side to: Turkey

16/06/1999 13:18:01 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 13:21:00 - Switched side to: Turkey

16/06/1999 13:21:28 - [Turkey] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 13:21:30 - [Turkey] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 13:21:31 - [Turkey] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 13:21:37 - [Turkey] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 10:00:00 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The shallow water environment differs from deep water in a number of ways:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>There are no convergence zones<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The thermocline may be thinner and weaker, or non-existent<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The ocean floor presents a hard limit to diving depth<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Sonar performance is markedly reduced in terms of range and sensitivity<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean floor topography affects sensor performance<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The first three points need little explanation, however the last two will benefit from some more detail. Compared to deep water, the shallow water environment has a very high level of ambient noise from waves, currents, biological sources and increased marine traffic. In fact, in most shallow water environments, a submarine (particularly a diesel-electric submarine running on batteries) will be quieter than the surrounding environment. This is exacerbated by the fact that as sound waves reverberate off the surface, ocean floor and any other surface the strength of the sound decreases significantly. The multiple reverberations and high background noise drastically reduces the distance at which contacts can be detected with passive sonar in shallow water. This allows submarines to remain undetected at even very short ranges, but also allows for surface vessels to approach submarines undetected.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Shallow water also degrades active sonar performance. Reflections from the sea floor, rocks, wrecks and other clutter drastically reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, particularly in the low and middle frequencies. In tutorial 1.2 we saw that high frequency active sonar was not very effective at penetrating the thermocline; however in shallow water high frequency is the active sonar of choice for differentiating submarines from background clutter. Regardless of frequency, all active sonar suffers a significant degradation of performance in shallow water.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean topography is the final point of difference for shallow water operations. In deep water the ocean floor is beyond the operating depth of submarines (often by orders of magnitude) and is essentially irrelevant when it comes to ASW operations. In shallow water, the valleys and ranges of the ocean floor can be used to avoid detection by both active and passive sonar. Terrain masking using underwater topography is an extremely effective method of avoiding detection, as sound is not able to travel in a direct path to passive sensors, and no line-of-sight exists between the submarine and active sensors on the surface. The down-side is that the sensor performance of the submarine will also be reduced for the same reasons.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now, a friendly intelligence agent has spotted your target transiting the Bosphorus Straits. Plot a course toward your target and start time (spacebar) to continue.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:02 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>A common tactic that makes use of the shallow water environment is <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">bottom profiling.</I> This is when a submarine avoids detection by sitting motionless on the ocean floor. For a diesel submarine the reduction in battery consumption allows for very long submerged endurance, and the lack of noise generated by movement means the submarine is generally much quieter than the surrounding environment. For a nuclear submarine, these benefits don’t really apply (remember nuclear submarines can remain submerged indefinitely and are inherently noisier even when motionless due to essential reactor systems). <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Where both diesel and nuclear submarines benefit from bottom profiling is the drastically reduced chance of detection by active sonar. As mentioned previously, both low and medium frequency active sonar are not very effective in shallow water, and their chances of differentiating a submarine from the ocean floor are very poor. High frequency sonar poses more of a threat, but still suffers a drastic reduction in probability of detection.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>For bottom profiling to be effective, the submarine must be motionless. Any movement will increase the likelihood of detection drastically, particularly against high frequency sonar. A good submarine commander will decide on a suitable location (all the better if terrain masking is used) and get in place well before the target comes within sensor range. The submarine will then remain motionless and wait for the target to pass overhead, before manoeuvring into the targets baffles<FONT size=2>*</FONT> for a high-probability-of-kill torpedo shot.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT size=2>*Baffles is a term used to describe the relative dead-zone of sonar coverage behind a ship or submarine<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>Click ‘close and continue’ to continue.</SPAN></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:04 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Your instruction in ‘Basic Submarine Operations’ is now complete. Your mission is to sink the Turkish frigate transiting through the Aegean enroute to the Mediterranean. You will need to use the knowledge you have gained in the previous tutorials in order to accomplish this task; the target is a capable opponent, and will be significantly more aggressive than targets in prior tutorials. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Using the skills and knowledge you have accumulated so far, you will be able to destroy the target without being detected. If you ignore previous lessons, you are unlikely to survive. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The scenario will end once you have sunk the target and are safe from counter-attack by its carried helicopter. You have 6 hours, good luck.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 11:24:01 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 11:24:06 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 11:48:09 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 11:48:53 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 12:05:32 - [Greece] Can only rename one reference point at a time. Deselect all reference points but one.

16/06/1999 12:06:00 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 12:06:01 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 12:06:02 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 12:06:10 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 12:09:13 - [Greece] Submarine: S 110 Glavkos (S 110 Glavkos [Type 209-1100]) has been ordered to periscope depth or surface, but the doctrine has been configured to order the submarine to dive when threats are nearby. The submarine will now dive. To allow the sub to come to periscope depth or surface, change the Dive when threat is detected doctrine to No.

16/06/1999 12:09:13 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE ENABLED.

16/06/1999 12:09:13 - [Greece] GOD'S EYE DISABLED.

16/06/1999 13:20:39 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - Torpedo SUT Mod 4 #8 is attacking F 250 Muavenet with a base PH of 75%. Final PH: 75%. Result: 11 - HIT

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - Weapon: SUT Mod 4 #8 has impacted F 250 Muavenet. 

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - 95% penetration achieved

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet has suffered weapon damage: 644.5 DPs

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Decca 1226 has been heavily damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Mk16 ASROC Mod 2 has been heavily damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Mk36 SRBOC has been lightly damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/SLQ-32(V)2 [ESM] has been lightly damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: 2x Combustion Engineering V2M Boilers, 1x Westinghouse Steam Turbine has been destroyed!

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/SRR-1 has been destroyed!

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/SPG-53F [Mk68 GFCS, Visual] has been destroyed!

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/SPS-53 has been lightly damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Mk36 SRBOC has suffered additional damage!

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Hangar (1x Medium Aircraft (12.1-18m)) has been heavily damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] Huey #1 (AB.212 ASW) was hosted in Hangar (1x Medium Aircraft (12.1-18m)) and has been destroyed by the damage!

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/SPS-40 has been heavily damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Decca 1226 has suffered additional heavy damage.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/SPS-53 has suffered additional heavy damage.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/VPS-2 Search/Track [Mk16 CIWS] has been lightly damaged.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet has a minor fire.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet has major flooding.

16/06/1999 13:21:48 - [Turkey] Huey #1 (AB.212 ASW) has been destroyed!

16/06/1999 13:21:49 - [Turkey] New probable sub contact! (Flaming datum). Designated GOBLIN #1

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - Torpedo SUT Mod 4 #9 is attacking F 250 Muavenet with a base PH of 75%. Final PH: 75%. Result: 13 - HIT

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - Weapon: SUT Mod 4 #9 has impacted F 250 Muavenet. 

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - 100% penetration achieved

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet has suffered weapon damage: 638.3 DPs

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet is sinking!!!

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri><STRONG>Congratulations, you destroyed the target and are now safe from reprisals.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>A ‘Triumph’ indicates that you were both undetected and undamaged and is considered an excellent result.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>A ‘Minor victory’ indicates that you were either detected or damaged and is considered an acceptable result.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>An ‘Average’ indicates that you were both detected and damaged and is considered a borderline result.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: UHF Radio [Unsecure] has suffered additional light damage.

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: AN/SRR-1 has suffered additional heavy damage.

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: 20mm/85 Mk15 Phalanx Blk 0 has suffered additional light damage.

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: UHF Radio [Unsecure] has suffered additional damage!

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: 2x Combustion Engineering V2M Boilers, 1x Westinghouse Steam Turbine has suffered additional heavy damage.

16/06/1999 13:21:55 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Mk46 Mod 5 [Improved Reloading] has suffered additional heavy damage.

15/06/1997 01:00:00 - Switched side to: United Kingdom

15/06/1997 01:00:00 - [United Kingdom] <BODY><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>Up until this point we’ve been hunting comparatively easy surface ships in our lessons. Surface ships are constrained to one depth (the surface), and are inherently very noisy compared to submarines. Submarines on the other hand are able to change depth to make themselves more difficult to detect, as well as being much quieter than surface ships. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>You’ll notice that the Trafalgar has a very long sonar sensor range, with&nbsp;two convergence zones covered by the radius. Open the Trafalgar’s database entry and look at the sensors section. Here we can see the Trafalgar is equipped with a Type 2065 Towed Array, which will be doing most of the heavy lifting as we search for our target submarine. Be aware that unlike the Basic Submarine Operations (1-4) series, you will now be presented with randomised biological and false contacts, meaning you will need to clearly identify contacts to be sure of their identity.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>While in previous lessons we’ve chiefly relied on bow sonar, ESM or off-board targeting to detect our targets, when hunting submarines in open ocean a towed array allows not only extra range to detect targets at long distances, but also allows us to search above and below the layer at the same time.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>With a bow sonar, we are constrained to searching in the thermal layer the submarine is in; i.e. if we’re above the layer we will be searching above the layer, and if we’re below the layer we will be searching below the layer. Submarines equipped with a towed array that are at shallow or periscope depth use their towed arrays above the layer, and those that are at ‘just under the layer’ or ‘as deep as possible’ use their towed arrays below the layer. However, submarines at ‘just over the layer’ trail their towed arrays beneath the layer, while their bow sonar remains above the layer. An additional benefit of this tactic is that while our submarine is above the layer, it is very difficult for another submarine below the layer to counter-detect us. This tactic however requires<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>With this in mind, let’s get to finding our target. Plot a course to the north-east, set your speed to creep and your depth to ‘just&nbsp;below the layer’.</SPAN></BODY>

15/06/1997 01:01:11 - [United Kingdom] New contact! Designated GOBLIN #1 - Detected by S 107 Trafalgar  [Sensors: Type 2065 [Type 2076 Suite]] at 7deg - Estimated 65nm

15/06/1997 01:01:11 - [United Kingdom] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Contact! We’ve detected an underwater sonar contact. As you can see it is a convergence zone contact. You will recall from tutorial 1.1 that a convergence zone contact can be in any of the shaded green rings displayed surrounding the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Trafalgar</I> but not between them.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>It is natural to want to change heading towards the contact, however this will <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">reduce</I> the amount of time that you hold the contact because as you close with the contact the amount of time it remains in the convergence zone decreases. In CMO as with real life, the longer a passive sonar contact is held the more data can be gained from it. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>To maximise contact time, set your heading to put the contact at either our 3 or 9 o’clock, i.e. 90 degrees off our port or starboard bow, and maintain a speed set to creep.&nbsp;Our intention is to identify the contact, and if necessary obtain a course and speed so we can move to intercept.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

15/06/1997 01:01:26 - [United Kingdom] Contact: GOBLIN #1 has been type-classified as: SSN (Classification by: S 107 Trafalgar [Sensor: Type 2065 [Type 2076 Suite]] at Estimated 65 nm)

15/06/1997 01:02:11 - [United Kingdom] Contact: SSN #1 has been classified as: Type 091 Han - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 107 Trafalgar [Sensor: Type 2065 [Type 2076 Suite]] at Estimated 59 nm)

15/06/1997 01:02:11 - [United Kingdom] <BODY scroll=auto><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">We’ve identified a contact of interest, it’s a Chinese Han class SSN—a notoriously noisy boat. But, without spending all of your time reading books about submarines, how will you know which boats are noisy and which are quiet? In CMANO, the answer is the database.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">Open the database entry for the Han by clicking the contact, then clicking the hyperlink style blue text ‘Type 091 Han’ in the right side bar. Here we can find a veritable treasure trove of information about our target. To get a sense of how noisy the Han is, check the ‘Signatures’ section of its database entry, and then compare this with the Trafalgar. As you can see, the dB levels of noise emitted from the Han are much higher (e.g. Han VLF passive sonar noise is 140dB while Trafalgar VLF passive sonar noise is 100dB; the difference between a&nbsp;jet engine at take-off and a hand drill respectively).</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">The noise level of submarines varies according to design and technology, but for reference an 'Average' submarine in the late 90's when this tutorial is set would have a VLF signature of about 120dB, making the Trafalgar a particularly quiet boat and the Han a particularly noisy one. You can get a 'feel' for this by browsing database values of platforms from a comparable era.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">Now we’re going to close with the Han. The simplest way to accomplish this is to hold the Han CZ contact for as long as possible by maintaining a heading to keep the CZ contact bearing 90 degrees to port or starboard of our submarine. Then, when contact is lost (indicated by a timer appearing below the contact and the growth of the uncertainty zone), immediately plot a course directly towards the contact to a point just short of the first convergence zone and set speed to full or flank. Once you have arrived at the designated position (in this case 24nm—the distance of the first CZ), return to creep speed while keeping the same heading&nbsp;and wait to re-acquire the target. Re-acquiring the target after these sprints can take several hours. Be patient and use time compression!<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">Repeat this technique until you are able to obtain a direct-path contact. Once you have a direct path contact, manoeuvre into the Han’s baffles and close to a range of 4nm. Aim to remain above the layer to reduce the chance of being counter-detected.</FONT></P></BODY>

15/06/1997 01:17:49 - [United Kingdom] Contact: Type 091 Han #1 has been positively identified as: Type 091 Han - Determined as: Hostile (ID by: S 107 Trafalgar [Sensor: Type 2065 [Type 2076 Suite]] at Estimated 50 nm)

15/06/1997 09:00:00 - [United Kingdom] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Either you weren’t able to detect or weren’t able to intercept the Han in time. Either way something went wrong. Try again!</FONT><?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

15/06/1997 01:00:00 - [United Kingdom] <BODY><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>Up until this point we’ve been hunting comparatively easy surface ships in our lessons. Surface ships are constrained to one depth (the surface), and are inherently very noisy compared to submarines. Submarines on the other hand are able to change depth to make themselves more difficult to detect, as well as being much quieter than surface ships. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>You’ll notice that the Trafalgar has a very long sonar sensor range, with&nbsp;two convergence zones covered by the radius. Open the Trafalgar’s database entry and look at the sensors section. Here we can see the Trafalgar is equipped with a Type 2065 Towed Array, which will be doing most of the heavy lifting as we search for our target submarine. Be aware that unlike the Basic Submarine Operations (1-4) series, you will now be presented with randomised biological and false contacts, meaning you will need to clearly identify contacts to be sure of their identity.</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>While in previous lessons we’ve chiefly relied on bow sonar, ESM or off-board targeting to detect our targets, when hunting submarines in open ocean a towed array allows not only extra range to detect targets at long distances, but also allows us to search above and below the layer at the same time.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-language: EN-AU"><FONT face=Calibri>With a bow sonar, we are constrained to searching in the thermal layer the submarine is in; i.e. if we’re above the layer we will be searching above the layer, and if we’re below the layer we will be searching below the layer. Submarines equipped with a towed array that are at shallow or periscope depth use their towed arrays above the layer, and those that are at ‘just under the layer’ or ‘as deep as possible’ use their towed arrays below the layer. However, submarines at ‘just over the layer’ trail their towed arrays beneath the layer, while their bow sonar remains above the layer. An additional benefit of this tactic is that while our submarine is above the layer, it is very difficult for another submarine below the layer to counter-detect us. This tactic however requires<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>With this in mind, let’s get to finding our target. Plot a course to the north-east, set your speed to creep and your depth to ‘just&nbsp;below the layer’.</SPAN></BODY>

15/06/1997 01:01:11 - [United Kingdom] New contact! Designated GOBLIN #1 - Detected by S 107 Trafalgar  [Sensors: Type 2065 [Type 2076 Suite]] at 7deg - Estimated 65nm

15/06/1997 01:01:11 - [United Kingdom] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Contact! We’ve detected an underwater sonar contact. As you can see it is a convergence zone contact. You will recall from tutorial 1.1 that a convergence zone contact can be in any of the shaded green rings displayed surrounding the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Trafalgar</I> but not between them.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>It is natural to want to change heading towards the contact, however this will <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">reduce</I> the amount of time that you hold the contact because as you close with the contact the amount of time it remains in the convergence zone decreases. In CMO as with real life, the longer a passive sonar contact is held the more data can be gained from it. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>To maximise contact time, set your heading to put the contact at either our 3 or 9 o’clock, i.e. 90 degrees off our port or starboard bow, and maintain a speed set to creep.&nbsp;Our intention is to identify the contact, and if necessary obtain a course and speed so we can move to intercept.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

15/06/1997 01:01:26 - [United Kingdom] Contact: GOBLIN #1 has been type-classified as: SSN (Classification by: S 107 Trafalgar [Sensor: Type 2065 [Type 2076 Suite]] at Estimated 65 nm)

15/06/1997 01:02:11 - [United Kingdom] Contact: SSN #1 has been classified as: Type 091 Han - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 107 Trafalgar [Sensor: Type 2065 [Type 2076 Suite]] at Estimated 59 nm)

15/06/1997 01:02:11 - [United Kingdom] <BODY scroll=auto><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">We’ve identified a contact of interest, it’s a Chinese Han class SSN—a notoriously noisy boat. But, without spending all of your time reading books about submarines, how will you know which boats are noisy and which are quiet? In CMANO, the answer is the database.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">Open the database entry for the Han by clicking the contact, then clicking the hyperlink style blue text ‘Type 091 Han’ in the right side bar. Here we can find a veritable treasure trove of information about our target. To get a sense of how noisy the Han is, check the ‘Signatures’ section of its database entry, and then compare this with the Trafalgar. As you can see, the dB levels of noise emitted from the Han are much higher (e.g. Han VLF passive sonar noise is 140dB while Trafalgar VLF passive sonar noise is 100dB; the difference between a&nbsp;jet engine at take-off and a hand drill respectively).</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">The noise level of submarines varies according to design and technology, but for reference an 'Average' submarine in the late 90's when this tutorial is set would have a VLF signature of about 120dB, making the Trafalgar a particularly quiet boat and the Han a particularly noisy one. You can get a 'feel' for this by browsing database values of platforms from a comparable era.</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">Now we’re going to close with the Han. The simplest way to accomplish this is to hold the Han CZ contact for as long as possible by maintaining a heading to keep the CZ contact bearing 90 degrees to port or starboard of our submarine. Then, when contact is lost (indicated by a timer appearing below the contact and the growth of the uncertainty zone), immediately plot a course directly towards the contact to a point just short of the first convergence zone and set speed to full or flank. Once you have arrived at the designated position (in this case 24nm—the distance of the first CZ), return to creep speed while keeping the same heading&nbsp;and wait to re-acquire the target. Re-acquiring the target after these sprints can take several hours. Be patient and use time compression!<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt">Repeat this technique until you are able to obtain a direct-path contact. Once you have a direct path contact, manoeuvre into the Han’s baffles and close to a range of 4nm. Aim to remain above the layer to reduce the chance of being counter-detected.</FONT></P></BODY>

15/06/1997 01:02:34 - Switched side to: United Kingdom

